The Belgica 121 expedition to the Western Antarctic Peninsula: a high resolution biodiversity census

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亦存在 1 筆延伸集的資料表。延伸集中的紀錄補充核心集中紀錄的額外資訊。 每個延伸集資料表中資料筆數顯示如下。

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Danis, B., Christiansen, H., Guillaumot, C., Heindler, F., Houston, R., Jossart, Q., Lucas, K., Moreau, C., Pasotti, F., Robert. H., Wallis, B., Saucède, T., [year accessed]. The Belgica 121 expedition to the Western Antarctic Peninsula: a high resolution biodiversity census.

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關鍵字

Samplingevent; benthos; intertidal; shallow; marine biodiversity; Antarctic Peninsula; Southern Ocean; low-environmental impact; meiobenthos; Samplingevent

聯絡資訊

地理涵蓋範圍

The sampling area focused on the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) and extended from the Berthelot Islands to the SW to Enterprise Islands to the NE and included a total of 15 stations. Certain stations were exhaustively sampled while others were partially worked out as timing, priorities, anchoring and weather allowed. Metchnikoff Point (MP) was visited in order to check the status of historic monument #45. The birds and marine mammals survey was carried out all along the expedition and includes the whole expedition track, from Ushuaia (AR) to the WAP.

分類群涵蓋範圍

Specimens were collected in the intertidal zone and the subtidal zone (max depth: 20m). Meiobenthos and megabenthos classes were analysed in particular. Identification of specimens is still ongoing, combining morphological analyses by expert taxonomists and a genetic approach where possible.

時間涵蓋範圍

計畫資料

The Belgica121 expedition (B121) ventured to explore the marine biodiversity of the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) to test the concept of using a nimble sampling platform, the R/V Australis, a steel hulled, fully rigged motor sailor. Named as a tribute to the first international scientific expedition in Antarctica lead by Adrien de Gerlache in 1897-99 (onboard the Belgica). Deploying 20 different types of gear (both traditional and modern), the B121 team gathered over 1700 samples that will be brought back to Belgium for further identification (by taxonomic experts) and analyses (isotopes, population genetics or genomics...). The team focused on biodiversity assessments, from the intertidal to subtidal zone (20 m) in coastal areas with contrasting characteristics regarding their exposure to glaciers, oceanographic characteristics and intensity of touristic activities. Other projects included population genetics studies, trophic ecology, environmental DNA, microplastics surveys and more (see full report below for details).

參與計畫的人員:

取樣方法

By design, the expedition was aimed to focus on carrying out a detailed biodiversity census, from the intertidal to the subtidal zones (up to 20m) in stations along the Gerlache Strait. The stations were chosen for their contrasting conditions in terms of exposure to glaciers influence, to different water masses (Drake, Gerlache Strait, etc...), and geomorphology. Multiple gears were deployed (see Table 3), combining traditional instruments and modern techniques, and the team mostly included young scientists who were acquainted to using several techniques. Each team had a specific project (see specific section, “Work at sea and preliminary results”) and was able to help others during sample processing stages. The initial stages of the expedition were exploratory (one full station would need up to 4 days to be completed) and were followed with more efficient sampling (1.5 – 2 days per station). Opportunistically, certain stations were partially sampled in function of the priorities and weather/anchoring conditions.

方法步驟描述:

1. Full description of the methodologies is available from the B121 expedition report: http://belgica120.be/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/B121-Cruise-report.pdf Briefly, for the macro and mega benthos survey, the diversity analysis was conducted using various sampling gears and investigation means as a necessary preliminary step to further ecological analyses, from individual species systematics to trophic and community analyses. Most common and key species (engineers or top predators) of the surveyed shallow water habitats (between 5 and 20 m depth) could be observed and identified during the dives, some of them sampled by hand picking, or identified on video transects. This first inventory was widely complemented by samples collected with a Rauschert dredge, Van Veen grab and amphipod trap. For the soft sediments biodiversity, samples for meiofauna assemblage structure (taxa diversity, nematodes diversity, biomass), were collected at each location by divers either by means of perspex push cores (3.6 cm diameter, quantitative) or by surface sediment scooping (qualitative).Where the sediment characteristics allowed core sampling, the sediment was sliced in different layers profiles (0-1 cm, 1-2 cm, 2-5 cm 5-10 cm) for the whole core depth. At least three replicates were taken for the meiofauna characterisation at each location dive event. For the intertidal works, two sampling procedures were used to characterise the biodiversity and abundance on each site: (1) 10 quadrats (25cm X 25cm) were randomly disposed at the low tide level (Figure 28). Presence and abundance of each species (morphotypes) were recorded within each quadrat and specimens were preserved in 96% ethanol for further identification and analyses; (2) to obtain a better overview of the total biodiversity, an exploration (1 hour) in the vicinity of quadrats was also done to look for any species not found inside the quadrats. Fish biodiversity was addressed using three methods: (1) angling with hooks, line and sinker, (2) gill nets, and (3) a cylindrical fish trap or fyke. Angling took place with standard commercial fishing rods, braided fishing line, and rigs (Sabikis) equipped with multiple hooks of varying sizes, and small, colorful lures, luminescent plastic beads, and weights at the end in depth of 5 – 50 m. Hooks were sometimes baited with fish, mollusk or shrimp and used actively (jigging during daytime from the ship or zodiacs) or passively (fixed to the ship overnight). Two types of gill nets were used, measuring approximately 18 m in width and 1.5 m in height and with 4 cm and 8 cm mesh size (stretched), respectively. Nets were set in depths of 10 – 30 m and usually perpendicular to observed currents. The fish trap was deployed for at least 8 h in depths of 10 – 30 m, baited with fish, mollusks, or shrimp. Finally, continuous monitoring of birds and marine mammals (species identification and headcount) was performed from the bridge or a spot offering the best visibility on deck. Bird/mammal standard counts are 30 min non-stop observation with binoculars for identification (if required) and age/sex determination when possible. A 300 mm tele objective camera is used for documentation and identification of species that pose identification issues in the field (e.g. Catharacta spp., Pachyptila spp.). GPS ship position and climatic conditions are recorded at each start and end position of counts. Counts are performed during daylight (from dawn to dusk), while visibility permitting (counts must be stopped when visibility is poor due to heavy fog or precipitation) to avoid bias in animal detection and subsequent false population estimates.

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引用文獻

1. Danis, B., Christiansen, H., Guillaumot, C., Heindler, F., Houston, R., Jossart, Q., Lucas, K., Moreau, C., Pasotti, F., Robert. H., Wallis, B., Saucède, T., 2019. Report of the Belgica 121 expedition to the West Antarctic Peninsula. 96 pp.

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